Interview with the Entrepreneur: Bosito Bakery

  Who is the entrepreneur/founder of the business

  Mr. Benjamin B. Bosito

  Who is the business/venture?

  Bakery and Grocery

  When did the business start?

  2004

  How effectively does the founder/entrepreneur

  When the time that the founder searching for a perfect please to put the business, they choose monreal Masbate

  as a perfect location because of few competitor and also the bread or the flagship product of the business are 

  very suitable in that place because it’s one of the second food of people aside of rice and also because of god 

  relations to the costumer and proper price we managed to established the business for almost 11 years.

  What motivated you on starting the business?

  Poverty,  we are just simple people live in a farm we work different type of work since after we graduate in 

  high school with my wife, then time come that we born a child my eldest son, one of my reason why I need to 

  earn money , my brother and sister had a bakery  we work for them and then we me and my wife decided to 

  make also a bakery.

What experiences would have been invaluable to obtain prior to starting the business?

  First the owner or the founder should attain right skills in making a bread, and then second you are

  hardworking person  and also you have the right skills to manage your bread maker or your bake, and last you are always positive.

  

How was the idea conceived for the business?

Need by the villagers/people it is marketable and easy to sell out.

What process did the founder follow in developing the business? For instance did the founder write a business plan, search for financing, etc.? Was the process successful?

First developing skills through practice, we make a business plan but not in a written way. We used brain storming method. Yes for almost 11 years I can say that the plan was very successful

What have been the biggest issues the entrepreneur has faced at different stages of the venture?

Competing to other bakery.

How did he/she deal with these issues?

We make the price appropriate to the costumers.

What are the major personal goals and organizational goals that the entrepreneur has going into the next several years.

Major personal goal to obtain the life of being abundant, to help my worker and other people in terms of giving them work. To earn money to get also their dreams.

We want to build more branches, and also we intended to build different type of business like t shirt printing and design and we are open also to different opportunities that might come in in the future

How do you innovate?

Give incentive, and also in pricing we have a style on how we price the product.

How do you satisfy the expectation of your clients?

giving them good price and delicious bread

Do you plan to make branches or franchise of your business

We plan to build or make another branch but in franchising so far we didn’t plan it yet.

What would the entrepreneur have done differently at the initiation of the venture

n/a

What words of wisdom can you give us?

“Poverty is not a hindrance to prosper and get your dream’’

“To become successful you need to sacrifice and work hard”

  Identify the key takeaway from the conversation
  Motivation.

 In starting the business you need to plan it.

Interview with an Entrepreneur: McDonalds

McDonald’s Vision

McDonald's vision is to be the world's best quick service restaurant experience. Being the best means providing outstanding quality, service, cleanliness, and value, so that we make every customer in every restaurant smile.

McDonald’s Mission

"McDonald's brand mission is to be our customers' favorite place and way to eat."

McDonald’s Values

We place the customer experience at the core of all we do. Our customers are the reason for our existence. We demonstrate our appreciation by providing them with high quality food and superior service in a clean, welcoming environment, at a great value. Our goal is quality, service, cleanliness and value (QSC&V) for each and every customer, each and every time.

We are committed to our people. We provide opportunity, nurture talent, develop leaders and reward achievement. We believe that a team of well-trained individuals with diverse backgrounds and experiences, working together in an environment that fosters respect and drives high levels of engagement, is essential to our continued success.

We believe in the McDonald’s System. McDonald’s business model, depicted by our “three-legged stool” of owner/operators, suppliers, and company employees, is our foundation, and balancing the interests of all three groups is key.

We operate our business ethically. Sound ethics is good business. At McDonald’s, we hold ourselves and conduct our business to high standards of fairness, honesty, and integrity. We are individually accountable and collectively responsible.

We give back to our communities. We take seriously the responsibilities that come with being a leader. We help our customers build better communities, support Ronald McDonald House Charities, and leverage our size, scope and resources to help make the world a better place.

We grow our business profitably. McDonald’s is a publicly traded company. As such, we work to provide sustained profitable growth for our shareholders. This requires a continuous focus on our customers and the health of our system.

We strive continually to improve. We are a learning organization that aims to anticipate and respond to changing customer, employee and system needs through constant evolution and innovation.

McDonald’s History

Ray Kroc started it all when he bought the franchise of a small burger joint owned by brothers Dick and Mac McDonald. He opened his first restaurant in Des Plaines, Illinois and five years later, he bought the exclusive rights of the name, McDonald’s.

McDonald’s continues to serve close to 68 million in over 119 countries every day, making it the number one quick-service restaurant in the world.

The first McDonald's restaurant was actually called McDonald's Bar-B-Que restaurant, which was opened in 1940 in San Bernardino, CA. They didn't convert to a simple hamburger and potato chips menu until 1948. In 1949 french fries replaced the potato chips and triple thick milkshakes were added to the menu.


Ray Kroc discovered the first McDonald's restaurant when he went there to sell them a milkshake machine. Kroc became a national franchise manager and helped open a McDonald's franchise restaurant for the first time in 1955 in Des Plaines, Illinois.

MCDONALD’S DARAGA

INTERVIEW PROPER:

1. Who is the entrepreneur/founder/manager?

                Ms. Christine L. Pomida, graduate of Business course at BU CBEM way back 2006. She is often called as “Maam Tin”. She is one of branch managers of McdonaldsDaraga. She was once part of employees in McDoLegazpi Branch.

2. What is their business or venture?

                Their business is a fast food or a service type restaurant. They cater the highest quality, services and cleanliness that should be observed.

Image from my.lcc.com

3. When did they start it?

                Mcdonald’sDaraga commenced its business March 31, 2009. 4 years of existence and still offering exceptional services to all its customers/patrons. McDonald’s is under the Big Pounder Corporation.

4. Do you have any idea by how much the founder /entrepreneur invested for the franchise?

                I cannot foreclose any specific monetary amount; definitely any franchise might have involved millions of pesos as startup costs and be able to establish this kind of business.

5. How effectively does the founder/manager feel he/she was adequately prepared for starting and running a business?

                I know the founder of McDonald’s is confident to start a business like this. Also, I believed I am greatly prepared and confident to run and manage this business, since I am a graduate of a business course. We are hired to really manage the business. I know I had applied and used what I have learned in college now that I am already a branch manager. But before I came to this position I have undergone series of trainings and processes.

                It is always seen in the result of the business. There is a Performance Review being conducted to us annually. They check certain areas like; people, QSC, profit and sales. It is their bases on how to rate our business. If we gained below quota sales we will have a low rating.

6. What process did the founder follow in developing the business? For instance, did the founder write a business plan, search for financing, etc?

                Yes. I do believe that every entrepreneur or owners of businesses should have their carefully and strategically planned business plans, before they can start to establish one. After which, sourcing out funds will take place. It always starts with a plan and everything will follow accordingly. Without a plan, perhaps a certain business will fail.

7. Was the process successful?

                As you can see, everything is a success. McDonald’s has different branches across the world. McDonald’s Daraga is a proof. As a manager, I know that we are already a successful food and service business. We are not saying that we are perfect, because everything has its flaws, but we can be the best in every way we can.

8. What have been the biggest issues the entrepreneur/manager has faced at different phases of the business?

                During our early years, we encountered issues or problems with regards to volatility of sales. Visibility of the building is also our concern. As you observed, we are being covered by and in between of nearby establishments. Also, marketing strategies should be carefully planned and executed because media competition in the food and service industry is fast increasing.

9. How did he/she deal with these issues?

                I address those issues by considering it as part of the flaws of the business. We focus on certain things that can affect the sales and competitiveness of McDonald’s. We make plans on how to improve it. We study the market and develop viable marketing strategy to sustain the business operations. Step by step; one at a time we can and will see improvements and we need to keep it up.

10.  What are some of the steps how the entrepreneur or manager evaluate the business performance?

                McDonalds has this USC or Utility Service Cleanliness which involves a “mystery shopper” that will be visiting the store, particularly in the counter area. The Mystery shopper will be the one to evaluate the business. Having a rating of O% to the firm means that the business had done exceptional service to customer, 100% will be rated for himself (the mystery shopper) meaning that he or she experienced great service or satisfaction to the business.

11. What are the problems you encountered when it comes to managing people in your organization?            

                There are times that service crews misunderstand each other, it is inevitable. Misunderstanding is common among organizations. Problems like kitchen turnover, “minsankasi, hindimaayosyungpag-kaka turnover nang kitchen to the next shift crew assigned in the kitchen”.

12.  What are the ways on how you manage your co-workers?

                Just like in any organization, there are certain laws and policies that are observed. There is certain incentive program offered that serves as a motivational factor to do their job well. The business maintain friendly atmosphere in the organization to establish camaraderie and unity among them.

13. How can we measure the effectiveness of the employees and the business?

                We have our people, our products and equipment’s. When it comes to effectiveness, we based it on trainings which serve as our foundation. The company helps us gain more experiences and learn further through national trainings. I believe big things come from small things. I did not become a manager in just a snap; I undergo also into series of trainings.

                It is always seen in the result of the business. There is a Performance Review being conducted to us annually. They check certain areas like; people, QSC, profit and sales. It is their bases on how to rate our business. If we gained below quota sales we will have a low rating.

14. What are the qualities the business must have in order to survive in this line of business?

                The business must be profitable. Profitability is a need to sustain the continuous feasibility for the sustenance of the business operations. Such can be accomplished in different managerial decisions and strategies. Example are managing utilities and monitoring food costs.

15. Can you confidently say the entrepreneur or founder is happy with the performance of the business?

                I say to it that the business results to a satisfactory performance. I maintain an effective management. Having an effective management means that sales are high which results to high profit. Manager is rated to the profit produced by the business. Thus, high sales mean high rating.

16. What are the major personal goals and organizational goals that the entrepreneur/manager has going into the next several years?

                I consider handling a store someday or having my own restaurant as part of my Personal goals. My Organizational goals as being a Branch Manager are; “McDo: MagingUnasaPamilyangPinoy” or McDo should be on top in the heart of Filipinos, and it should be the first choice among food chains when dining out.

17. What are the milestones that the business has achieved?

                Year 2012, McDonalds got the rating of 0% straight for the whole year, which means we achieved the utmost Customer Satisfaction Security. People training audit are 100% very satisfactory.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS:

1. How do you view competition?

                Most of us see competition as a plague but I consider competition as a good challenge. For me, competition is a benchmark for creativity that stimulates innovation or improvement on the quality of foods and services we offer. Without competition, there will be no innovation, and without innovation, our business will be stagnant and we will be left behind.

                We all know that Jollibee offers food that is close to Filipino’s taste or the “panlasangpinoy”. So McDonalds, is having different sets of Marketing Strategies to compete with our close competitor. We are competing fair and square. We offer a better, fast and consistent service for our patrons. Along with the strategies we do, we can win the heart of Filipinos.

2. Do you have plans on having your own business?

                Yes, that is one of my personal goals in life. I will aspire to handle a store someday, maybe two to three years from now, probably, a business that is in line with Marketing or promoting something. I will consider this business as a sideline. I still want to continue on being a manager here at McDonalds.

3.  What attitude do you value most? Why?

                The attitude that I value most is being dedicated. In everything we do, do it with a heart. If we are dedicated, all the good and great things will follow.

4. How do you manage stress?

                Stress or pressure is inevitable in a business. Stress will affect you, if you let it swallow you. I manage stress by simply smiling and being optimistic; everything will be good in time.

5. What are the tips that you can share to students pursuing a managerial career?

                Definitely, students should finish a four year course. A person must have a pleasing personality; of good moral character and must possess good leadership skill. Pursuing a position in a college/university based organization (i.e USC, CSC, SK) could help in developing one’s leadership skill.J

Interview an Entrepreneur

Directions: Interview of a Founder/Entrepreneur. 

Such an interview will provide your group with significant information about the organization as seen through the founder’s eyes, especially the issues faced throughout the stages of the company. 

Interview an entrepreneur using the questions below as a guide. Summarize your findings in a short presentation to the class

The interview should include the following topics

1. Who is the entrepreneur/founder?
2. What is their business or venture?
3. What is the Vision, Mission and Goals of the Business?
4. What were your early goals and what steps did you take to realize them?
5. When did they start it?
6. How effectively does the founder/entrepreneur feel he/she was adequately prepared for starting and running a business?
7. What experience would have been invaluable to obtain prior to starting the business?
8. How was the idea conceived for the business? When and how did you get the idea for your business? How is your business organized?
9. What process did the founder follow in developing the business? For instance, did the founder write a business plan, search for financing, etc?
10. Who provided the support (monetary or otherwise) that you needed?
11. Was the process successful?
12. What interests and hobbies did you have that influenced your business idea?
13. How did your family, friends, or events in your younger life influence your venture?
14. What would the entrepreneur have done differently at the initiation of the venture?
15. What have been the biggest issues the entrepreneur has faced at different stages of the venture?
16. What obstacles did you encounter at the beginning of your venture?  What has been the toughest part of being in business for yourself?
17. How many employees do you have and what do you look for in an employee?
18. How did he/she deal with these issues? How did you overcome these obstacles?
19. What is your major source of competition and how do you stay ahead of it?
20. What are the major personal goals and organizational goals that the entrepreneur has going into the next several years? What are your hopes for the future of your business?
21. How have your motivation shaped the way you run your business?
22. What do you like about being in business for yourself?
23. How has your life changed since you started your business?
24. What compromises are you willing to make in order to preserve the worth of your business?
25. If you had to do it over again, would you?
26. How do you handle people that you do not want?
27. What aspects of your business reflect your unique handprint?
28. What is your definition of success?
29. How have you engineered your business with the picture of success in mind?
30. What early successes kept you going?
31. What made you feel that you were a success?
32. What attitudes and characteristics does one need to possess to be a successful entrepreneur?
33. Any advice for would-be entrepreneurs?
34. Anything else you would care to add?
35. Identify the key takeaways from this conversation.

Some other guidelines:

1. Business should be operating for more than 3 years.
2. Conduct the interview in person.
3. Note the critical milestones that the entrepreneur has achieved.
4. Don’t just report the interview, but also critique the entrepreneur’s process (e.g., do you agree with the way the entrepreneur launched the business? What should he/she have done differently? If it was an effective process, why?).
5. Include Direct Quotes.
6. Schedule the interview ASAP. Time is of the essence for the owner

Deliverables:

1. A Well-written HARD BOUND paper (compiled for all groups) and CD that summarizes the questions above with documentation and transcription. (double-spaced; 12-font; Arial).
2. A 3-minute presentation in class of the company and the interview. The presentation should address the questions above. You do have the option to develop a video of the interview for class presentation or a Powerpoint or Keynote presentation.
3. You are required to rehearse your presentation with a fellow team (peers) prior to your in-class presentation. In addition, you are required to have your peers review your paper.
4. Deadline:Presentation will be done A WEEK AFTER MIDTERM EXAM with DRAFT WRITTEN REPORTS.
5. Final Hard Bound Written Report and CD will be submitted on the FINAL EXAM.

Interview with an Entrepreneur

1. Who is the entrepreneur/founder of the business
2. What is the business/venture?
3. When did the business start?
4. How effectively does the founder/entrepreneur
5. What motivated you on starting the business
6. What experiences would have been invaluable to obtain prior to starting the business
7. How was the idea conceived for the business
8. What process did the founder follow in developing the business? For instance, did the founder write a business plan, search for financing, etc? Was the process successful?
9. What have been the biggest issues the entrepreneur has faced
at different stages of the venture?
10. How did he/she deal with these issues?
11. What are the major personal goals and organizational goals that the entrepreneur has going into the next several years
12. How do you innovate
13. How do you satisfy the expectation of your clients
14. Do you plan to make branches or franchise of your business
15. What would the entrepreneur have dne differently at the initiation of the venture
16. What words of wisdom can you give us
17. Identify the key takeaway from the conversation

Interview with an Entrepreneur: Gremar’s Sportswear

Interview with an Entrepreneur

Entrepreneurial Management

John B. Balde

Joneil V. Federio

Mary France L. Nuarin

Sto. Cristo, Daraga Albay
           
“There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work, and learning from failure.” 
–Colin Powell

    The entrepreneur/founder of Gremar’s Sportswear is Mr. Gregorio Marceras Sr. (deceased). The ownership of the business has been passed to Mrs. Julieta Marceras Calantog and her other 2 siblings who opened different branch here in Albay. Their business is tailoring specifically sportswear and it had operated since 1952.
           
     Mr. Gregorio Marceras Sr. started as a policeman and after a threat on his life; he resigned from being a police and started being a sewer. Aside from being a police the entrepreneur loves to sew. The founder did not follow any process in developing the business. He just used his experiences and ideas with the help of his wife in starting a new business. He save money from his salary and used it to start the business.
            
     The biggest issue that the entrepreneur has faced at different stages of the venture was the client won’t pay whenever there is a delay. The only thing that the entrepreneur does is to accept the issue because they are the one responsible for the cause of delay. The major organizational goal that the owner wants for the next several years is to give benefits to its employees because of the fact that their business is a seasonal business.
           
“There is only one boss. The customer. And he can fire everybody in the company from the chairman on down, simply by spending his money somewhere else.” – Sam Walton
           
           

  

Interview with Entrepreneur: Avant Studios

By:

Aubrey Princess B. Laurio

Elaine C. Derpo

SherlynVibar

BSBA FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IV

An introduction and overview about Avant Studios:

The owners:

Ø  Angelo Cantero– Graduate of Audio Visual Communication in Bicol University, batch 2009.

 Ø Nor Llorca- Graduate of Computer Science in STI, batch 2005.

                  Avant Studios is one of the rising tigers in the field of photography in Bicol region. It became famous for its coverage in many University Pageants and Wedding Ceremonies. Amazingly, this enterprise is a two-man team, which makes it more interesting and impressive. The name “Avant” was derived from the French word Avante Grande which means to experiment beautifully with art. With both the owners’ academic backgrounds and trainings, it is no wonder that they can make simple things into scenarios which are full of life. They are famous for their extraordinary themes and concepts. Some of the pageants they have covered for are The Mr. and Ms CBEM 2013, Mr. and Ms. CS 2013, Mr and Ms Bicol University 2013, Regional Mr. and Ms. Ambassador of Goodwill 2013. They have also tried national competitions. They  were one of the studio groups that covered the Miss Earth Philippines in 2012.  Their studio can be found in Happy Homes Subdivision, Washington, Legazpi City.

Interview and Question & Answer:

When was the business founded?

Avant: Summer of 2010.

How did you get the idea or concept of the business? What led you to forming this kind of business?

Avant: Of course the first thing that makes it possible for people to form something is their passion. Photography is our passion. It is like our personality. How it was formed, well, we are both graduates of Divine World College of Legazpi, High School Department so we knew each other even before. Sometime in 2010, during a photography workshop, we crossed paths.  Out of the blue, we talked about forming a studio. Our ideas just clicked and that was it.

Do you consider yourselves entrepreneur?

Avant: Of course. We manage and organize our business and we undertake financial ventures and of course, we assume risks.

What are the services or products you offer?

Avant: Technically, we offer photography and videography. We cover different occasions like weddings (weddings are our specialties), birthdays, beauty pageants, and modelling. After photo shoots and coverage, we include or give finished packages to our customers.

How much for your services?

Avant: It depends on many factors, like if there are many pictorials to be done and many people to shoot, like in a pageant, the cost is pretty higher. But our fee ranges from P25,000-P30,000. It’s actually all worth it.

  

What is your company’s goal?

Avant: It’s simple, to deliver the highest degree of satisfaction to our clients.

How do you advertise?

Avant: Truthfully, what helps us the most in advertising is the word of mouth. The customers we’ve had refer us to others and the cycle goes on. We also have our Facebook page, Avant Studios, where interested people can contact us. We also post pictures on the FB so that people can see our work.

What are your marketing strategies?

Avant: One of the vital things in maintaining a good business is having a good rapport with the clients. With this, they can share to others our work ethic and they’ll be glad to be our clients again. We also make sure that the products/services we offer have very high quality. We see to it that clients see the dedication and art we put into our work.

  

What were the problems or hardships you’ve encountered?

Avant: On a major scale, none so far. The only thing that’s making it difficult for us is the scheduling. Time is always of essence and you know we can’t stop time. There are so many clients whose pictorial or event overlaps the other clients.

What makes your business unique?

Avant: First of all, our name, AVANT. It’s a French word from Avante Grande which means experimental concepts especially in ARTS. If you will notice with our pictures, the set-up is not the typical ones. That’s what I was saying earlier. Our ideas just clicked. We see something very ordinary, like fish and fruit craters or boxes. Normally, people think they are waste and useless but with us, we can use those boxes to make something out of the ordinary which will awe people.

What made you choose this kind of business?

Avant: Well, passion for photography.     

  

Have you ever turned down a client? How did you handle it?

Avant: Yes. We have this “1 Day, 1 Client” policy. The reason for this is that we want to focus on our clients. If we entertain a lot, we can’t really give that satisfaction.

In terms of finances, do you use the services of professional accountants?

Avant: In the beginning we didn’t. But as our business grew, it was harder. So I asked my brother, who is an accountant to do the job.

What are your pricing strategies?

Avant: It varies. If the shoot requires many devices and equipment, of course, the price is a little higher. We also have costing in every category. There are even times when pricing depends on our agreement with the clients. You know, in Avant, it’s not only a sole person or party who decides the theme or concepts of the shoots. There has to be an agreement between us and the client. We talk with them and ask what they want. And then we give suggestions. It’s a key to success.

  

What makes you stand out from the others?

Avant: Well, just like we said, extraordinary concepts, our creativity, and high quality. And of course, we build friendships with our clients. We are not just their mere photographers. This helps them get comfortable around us.

Have you ever thought of risks?

Avant: It’s indispensable in a business. One cannot easily be a one-time good shot in life. When we were just starting, we feared that we may not have enough customers to cover for the spent capital. And actually, up to know, that is one the risks in our business. There is also the risk of competition. More and more studios and photographers are developing in the Philippines. That’s why marketing strategies are very important. It’s one way of diversifying risks.

If you have any piece of advice to people out there who is just starting in a business like yours, what would it be?

Avant: Go langng Go! (laughs) On a serious note, just continue. At first it will be hard and there will be times when non-believers want to see you fall, but it’s not them who you should be pleasing, it’s the customers. 

Interview with Entrepreneur: LN take-out Pancit Malabon

Bicol University
College of Business, Economics, and Management
Daraga, Albay

Entrepreneurial Management
(Interview with Entrepreneur)

Submitted by:
Alwin Latonero
Michael Orticio

BSBA- FM 4

Who is the entrepreneur/founder?

The entrepreneur that we interview was Mr. Leo Oliquino.

What is their business or venture? 

He is the one who start business LN take-out Pancit Malabon a sole proprietor business in Bicol Region. He sells Pancit Malabon but the costumers call it Pancit Palabok.

When did they start it?

He started his business since year 2004 in Guinobatan,Albay.

How effectively does the founder/entrepreneur feel he/she was adequately prepared for starting and running a business? 

He started as a small business but very marketable to the costumer.

What experience would have been invaluable to obtain prior to starting the business?

Starting the business is difficult however; he had business experience in manila together with his nephew who was the person in charge. Mr. Oliquino became the business partner of his nephew almost 5 years and that experience he was needed to obtain prior to start the business.

How was the idea conceived for the business? 

The idea of Mr. Oliquino to start his venture was definitely will grow because of his friends suggestions and other prospect that it’s unique taste of his Pancit.

What process did the founder follow in developing the business? For instance, did the founder write a business plan, search for financing, etc?

Yes! The Entrepreneur follows the business plan or feasibility study and suggestions of his clients and friends. 

Was the process successful?

It was very successful; he managed the business to operate the business in almost 14 years.

What would the entrepreneur have done differently at the initiation of the venture?

Mr. Oliquino starts from selling his Pancit (in Styrofoam container) door to door of his customers and these are house, banks and other offices. Because of the distinctive taste of his Pancit, the costumers suggest that make his product bigger then he place his product on a large circle tray (nigo) in different size.

What have been the biggest issues the entrepreneur has faced at different stages of the venture? 

The entrepreneur faces different risk but the biggest issue was about his product. He was very careful about his product especially in packaging. Some of these issues are already expire or damaged product.

How did he/she deal with these issues?

Mr. Oliquino deals with the costumer personally and replaces the damaged or expired product. He prefers to go for arrangement face-to-face rather than sending some of his employee. 

What are the major personal goals and organizational goals that the entrepreneur has going into the next several years?

His personal and organizational goals are obtaining 4 branches (Naga, Tabaco, Ligao, Legazpi) in Bicol region. For the next several years, he’s planning to upgrade his product like different toppings for his Pancit.

Identify the key takeaways from this conversation.

“Kahit na maliit kang Business, Mangarap kang Lumaki"

“Sa Business dapat nakikita mo ang lahat ng bagay, lahat ng aspect and ratio para umunlad ka”